Calculation of 0x14

m(x) = 0x11b = 100011011 = x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1
a(x) =   0x14 =  00010100 = x^4 + x^2

m(x) = (x^4 + x^2) * a(x) + (x^3 + x + 1)

Calculation of 0x14^-1 in the finite field GF(2⁸)

00001011 = 00000001 * 100011011 + 00010100 * 10100
00000010 = 00000010 * 100011011 + 00101001 * 10100
00000001 = 00001011 * 100011011 + 10011001 * 10100
00000000 = 00010100 * 100011011 + 100011011 * 10100

a^-1(x) = x^7 + x^4 + x^3 + 1 = 10011001 = 0x99

The calculation of 0x14^-1 is made with the Extended Euclidean algorithm. Instead of normal division and multiplication you need to use Polynomialdivision and Polynomialmultiplication.

Affine transformation over GF(2)

           1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1      1     1     0
           1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1      0     1     1
           1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1      0     0     0
           1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1      1     0     1
SBOX(14) = 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0   *  1  +  0  =  1
           0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0      0     1     1
           0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0      0     1     1
           0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1      1     0     1

SBOX(14) = 11111010 = fa

For more information see FIPS 197.

Implemented by bachph [at] philba [dot] com